Shakespeares Use of Soliloquy To See Characters Thoughts...

William Shakespeare uses the literary technique of the soliloquy to allow the audience to see deeper into his characters’ thoughts in his play, Hamlet. This technique helps to reveal Hamlet’s true character, expressing emotions that the audience cannot see through his interactions with other characters. Through Hamlet’s soliloquies, one may notice that his reluctance to take actions that involve death can be attributed to his fear of the unknown and his uncertainty in regards to afterlife. Even though Hamlet seems ardent in his intentions of avenging his father’s death during his encounter with the Ghost, by the second act, Hamlet begins to doubt that the ghost was actually his father. While giving his soliloquy after he has seen†¦show more content†¦Hamlet’s lack of knowledge of the afterlife, along with his inability to wrap his mind around a solid belief of what it entails, leads his fear of the afterlife to go beyond his doubt in the Ghost and result in him deciding against suicide. In what is possibly his most famous soliloquy beginning â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question,† (3.1.68) Hamlet’s question is referring to life. He is debating whether or not he should commit suicide. Despite his pain and suffering, Hamlet does not carry out his suicide as a result of not knowing what the afterlife will entail. The ghost had referred to purgatory as a prison, which naturally does not make it appeal to Hamlet. However , he is not even certain of the ghost’s existence, so the ghosts description of purgatory is not necessarily a reliable account. Hamlet is unsure of what will happen in the afterlife and is not comfortable with the fact that he cannot guarantee it will cause him to be happier than he is on earth. He is aware of his lack of knowledge in regards to the after life and since he cannot guarantee what it will entail, his fear of it prevents him from entering it before his time has come. This is shown when he states that the fact that one cannot predict what the afterlife involves â€Å"makes us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of?† (3.1.81-81) Since Hamlet is unsureShow MoreRelatedUse of Soliloquies in Hamlet Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesA soliloquy is a speech in a play that is meant to be heard by the audience but not the other characters on the stage. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the use of soliloquies allows the audie nce to know what the characters are feeling and what their pure motives are. They are also able to hear the characters’ thoughts directly. The character’s secrets are revealed only to the audience which gives way for irony to take a part in the play. Shakespeare uses soliloquies throughout the playRead MoreHamlet Soliloquy1530 Words   |  7 Pagestime. In his plays, Shakespeare includes soliloquies, as they offer insight into the character, which cannot be done using dialogue. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet the seven soliloquies serve as the pillars of the play, the soliloquies introduce Hamlet’s character but also develop his character’s madness. Shakespeare’s use of blank verse, repetition, allusions and metaphors show that Hamlet is mentally unstable from the beginning of the play. Hamlet’s first soliloquy in Act One Scene Two is his fourth longestRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagesincest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides that the time for revenge is at hand in an insightful soliloquy. The audience would have beenRead MoreHamlet Character Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Troubled Prince: An Analysis of Hamlet â€Å"To be, or not to be: That is the question†(3.1.58). This is probably the most famous quote in all of Shakespearean literature and was uttered by the main character, Hamlet, of the play â€Å"Hamlet† written by Shakespeare. It demonstrates his instability and suicidal thoughts. Throughout the play he comes off as a very unpredictable and complex character. He makes many rash decisions, but at the same time often takes a lot of time to contemplate many of hisRead MoreRevenge By William Shakespeare s Hamlet882 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is very evident that hatred and a thirst for revenge can turn people into something that they are not. Many characters throughout this story exemplify this, but the main two are Hamlet and Laertes. This theme of revenge is established throughout the whole play and it acts as a vital character. Revenge is seen as a cause for many outcomes. Hamlet pursues revenge on Claudius to avenge his father s death. Ge rtrude is targeted by Hamlet for wedding Claudius too quickly afterRead MoreShakespeares use of soliloquies to present Macbeth and Hamlet2032 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare use soliloquies to present the characters of Macbeth and Hamlet? A soliloquy is a comprehensive and unremitting dialogue spoken by a single person. The speaker is presenting his or her thoughts audibly, thus providing a forthright, outspoken, unremitting, and uninterrupted flow of thought, which channels his or her consciousness directly to the audience. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to present the characters of Macbeth and Hamlet in speckled ways; the soliloquies define the thoughts and feelingsRead MoreHamlet - Soliloquies Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet In Shakespeares Hamlet, the tragic hero reveals his inner conflicts and introspective attitude in each of the lengthy soliloquies in the play. Hamlet is a static character whose thoughts never dramatically change. Each soliloquy delves further into Hamlets motivations, or lack thereof, and psyche. Each soliloquy, each slightly different, is all united by vivid imagery, introspective language, and discussion of Hamlets delay of action. The first soliloquy serves to set the stage for theRead MoreHamlet : Sadness, Madness, Or Just Misunderstood1053 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: Sadness, Madness, or Just Misunderstood At best, I believe that Act I, Scene II might be one of the most important parts of Hamlet. It prepares any reader with the character’s styling of Hamlet, its importance to the play, its characters, and the logical play on words to show the complexity of Shakespeare’s skills as a playwright. Though, it might be a bit of over-aggrandizing to say that the first Act and second scene could be so crucial. It set the tone of the play for many of the charactersRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Spanish Tragedy 2479 Words   |  10 Pageshow Thomas Kyd’s ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ follows the traditional techniques we typically assume will be in a revenge tragedy, and how Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ follows these conventions as well as how Hamlet sometimes challenges the typical conventions of revenge tragedy plays and pushes them. I will also discuss the notion of revenge, as well as discuss how the two plays use the conventions of the genre to promote different ways of thinking about the ethics of revenge. Revenge tragedy was a popular genreRead MoreEssay on Perception of Women in William Shakespeares Hamlet1309 Words   |  6 PagesPerception of Women in William Shakespeares Hamlet In Hamlet, Shakespeare carefully represents Getrude and Ophelia. Individually, Gertrude is essentially seen as weak and immoral whilst Ophelia is seen as meek and a victim of society. Collectively, they are seen to fulfil a conventional 16th century role, and it is as our beliefs and views of women change that we are able to perceive the characters in a different angle. At the beginning of the play, we get a very

Tactical and Strategic Intelligence Felicia & Fred

Question: Understand at a deeper level the economic analysis of strategic and tactical investments, the effect financial leverage has on firm value, and the integration of investment and financial corporate strategies Analyze issues that face modern corporate managers when making capital budgeting and capital structure decisions Apply finance valuation techniques for purposes of business decision making Integrate, synthesize, and present finance concepts and analyses Be able to use the corporate finance tools necessary to develop the skills, knowledge, and wisdom (SKW) in current demand by employers Understand the qualities needed for careers such as corporate managers, financial analysts, investment analysts, brokers, and business practitioners. Answer: Introduction Felicia Fred is a public company of US which deals with manufacturing of jewelry. The company has previously expanded its capacity and included Czech crystal bracelet in its product line. This year the company has included womens accessories, specially the handbags in its product line. These products are outsourced by the company to a manufacturer in Asia through a licensing agreement. The manufacturer has exclusive rights to Felicia Freds women logo handbags so that the company can preserve the intellectual property and branding rights in the United States. The company has also increased its investments in the inventory. With the increase in product line the company anticipates that the demand of the product will increase and it will require additional storage space to meet the demand of its customers. Abstract The difference between strategic and tactical decision making Strategic decision making and tactical decision making are two different ways used in a business to take decisions. The major difference between the two is time oriented. The difference between strategic and tactical decision making is that strategic decision making deals with the planning and taking educated decisions regarding the future problems of the company whereas the tactical decision making deals with the problem faced by the company at present and taking steps to overcome that problem. The strategic decision making allows the companys decision makers to forecast the future direction of the company and identify emerging trends and markets for the company. They can plan the future problems and based on the forecasted results of the projects decide whether to go ahead with the projects or close a project. The tactical decision making deals with the current problems and uses the current market conditions to analyze the situation and competition and then decide the actions to be taken to achieve its goals. It focuses on the resources at hand and focuses on ways to achieve the strategic goals. The planning and decision making involves the challenges and risks in carrying out the strategic goals. The decision by the company Felicia Fred to expand the business and enter the handbag distribution business is strategic in nature. The company has previously expanded its capacity and included Czech crystal bracelet in its product line and inclusion of the other womens accessories, specially the handbags makes perfect sense and allows the company to provide more variety of products to the same customer base and increase its sells and profits in the long run. It also provides a new direction to the company which is moving from a jewelry manufacturing company to manufacturer of accessories for women and can be a one stop solution to all the requirements of the customers. Thus without having to increase the expenditure in marketing and advertisement the company can sell various products and is a perfect strategic product line extension. Thus the decision of entering the handbag distribution business is strategic. (Owang, 2013) The indicators of financial performance used in evaluating whether an investment has successfully increased shareholder wealth of company are Profitability ratios: Profitability of a company is the capacity of the company to make profits. In a business, if the investments by the company are able to generate profits then the investment is considered successful. The various Profitability ratios like gross margin ratio, return on equity, return on investments etc. gives a good idea whether the company has been performing better than the competitors in the industry. Liquidity ratios: The Liquidity ratio helps the investor find if the company can cover its debt: long term and short term and helps to boost confidence among investors and suppliers. The various Liquidity ratios like current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio helps in determining whether the company has been able to cover its liabilities and helps in gaining the trust of the investors and other stakeholders. Efficiency ratios: The efficiency ratio helps investor to find if the company can use its resources and make profits efficiently. The various Efficiency ratios like total assets turnover ratio, fixed assets turnover ratio helps the investors understand how efficiently the assets have been utilized by the company. (Chand, 2015) The cash flow statement, inventory turnover ratio and accounts receivable turnover ratio are other indicators of financial performance used in evaluating if the investment has been successful in increasing shareholder wealth of company. Financial Trend Analysis Liquidity Ratios of the firm: The Liquidity ratio helps the investor find if the company can cover its debt: long term and short term. Current ratio: Current ratio is the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities using the current assets. It is given by Current Assets/ Current Liabilities. (Current Ratio) In the prior year, Current Assets = 29 M Current Liabilities = 22.4 M Thus current ratio = 29/ 22.4 = 1.29 In the current year, Current Assets = 40.9 M Current Liabilities = 36.2 M Thus current ratio = 40.9/ 36.2 = 1.13 The current ratio has decreased from the previous year. Hence the company will not be able to clear its current liabilities as efficiently as it did last year. The investment in handbags has reduced the current assets. Inventory Turnover ratio: Inventory Turnover ratio shows number of times a companys inventory is sold and replaced in a time period. It is given by Inventory Turnover = Sales/ Inventory In the prior year, Sales Revenue = 950 M Inventory = 13 M Thus Inventory Turnover ratio = 950/ 13 = 73.08 In the current year, Sales Revenue = 975 M Inventory = 24.2 M Thus Inventory Turnover ratio = 975/ 24.2 = 40.29 The inventory turnover ratio has decreased from the previous year. Hence the company has increased its inventory and is unable to rotate its inventory as quickly as it did last year. The investment in handbags has reduced the inventory turnover ratio and increased inventory. Accounts receivable turnover: Accounts receivable turnover shows the number of times the company collects its receivables from its credit customers. It is given by Accounts receivable turnover = Net Credit Sales/ Average Accounts receivable In the prior year, Sales Revenue = 950 M Average Accounts Receivable = 4.6 M Thus Accounts receivable turnover ratio = 950/ 4.6 = 206.52 In the current year, Sales Revenue = 975 M Average Accounts Receivable = (4.7 +4.6) /2 M = 4.65 M Thus Accounts receivable turnover ratio = 975/ 4.65 = 209.68 The accounts receivable turnover ratio has increased from the previous year. Hence the company has improved its collection method and is able to quickly collect the receivables compared to the last year. Solvency Ratios of the firm: The Solvency Ratios of a firm is used to measure its ability to meet its long term debt. Debt to Equity ratio: Debt to Equity ratio of a firm is used to measure the ratio of financing of the company using debt from creditors and investments from the investors. It is given by Debt to Equity ratio = Total liabilities/ Total Equity In the prior year, Total liabilities = 109 + 36.2 M = 145.2 M Total Equity = 169.1 M Thus Debt to Equity ratio = 145.2/ 169.1 = 0.86 n the current year, Total liabilities = 200 + 22.4 M = 222.4 M Total Equity = 126.6 M Thus Debt to Equity ratio = 222.4/ 126.6 = 1.75 The Debt to Equity ratio has decreased from the previous year. Hence the company has reduced the debt and raised more investment from the investors. Thus the company was able to generate investment from the investors for the new product line of handbags. C Profitability Ratios of the firm: Profitability of a company is the capacity of the company to make profits. Gross profit margin: Gross Profit Margin is defined as Gross Profit/ Sales. It is used to calculate the profit earned by the company after removing the cost of goods sold per unit of sales. (Chand, 2015) In the prior year, Gross Profit = (950 801) M = 149 M Sales = 950 M Thus Gross Profit Margin = 149/ 950 = 0.15 In the current year, Gross Profit = (975 779.3) M = 195.7 M Sales = 975 M Thus Gross Profit Margin = 195.7/ 975 = 0.20 The Gross Profit Margin has increased from the previous year. Hence with the introduction of handbags the companys gross profit margin has increased. Thus the company is able to generate more profits from the investment in the new product line of handbags. Net Profit Margin: Net Profit Margin is defined as Net Profit/ Sales. It is used to calculate the profit earned by the company per unit of sales. A higher profit margin ratio is preferred as the company will have more revenues to pay its expenses.(Chand, 2015) In the prior year, Net Profit = 13 M Sales = 950 M Thus Net Profit Margin = 13/ 950 = 0.014 In the current year, Net Profit = 52.5 M Sales = 975 M Thus Net Profit Margin = 52.5/ 975 = 0.054 The Net Profit Margin has increased from the previous year. Hence with the introduction of handbags the companys net profit margin has increased. Thus the company is able to generate more profits from the investment in the new product line of handbags. Return on Equity: Return on Equity is given by Net Profit/ Shareholders equity. It calculates the profit earned per unit of investment by the shareholders. In the prior year, Net Profit = 13 M Shareholders Equity = 126.6 M Thus Return on Equity = 13/ 126.6 = 0.103 In the current year, Net Profit = 52.5 M Shareholders Equity = 169.1 M Thus Return on Equity = 52.5/ 169.1= 0.31 The Return on Equity has increased from the previous year with the introduction of the handbags. Integrate Prior Financial Analysis With the inclusion of the Czech crystal bracelet in the product line in the prior year the net profit of the company was 13 Million. Gross Profit Margin = 149/ 950 = 0.15 Net Profit Margin = 13/ 950 = 0.014 The gross profit margin of the company was 15% and the net profit margin was 1.4%. Thus it can be seen that the inclusion of the Czech crystal bracelet in the product line made the business profitable. Assuming that in the current year the only change affecting the companys product line sales was the inclusion of the handbag product line. The profits have increased from 13 Million to 52.5 Million. In the current year, Gross Profit Margin = 195.7/ 975 = 0.20 Net Profit Margin = 52.5/ 975 = 0.054 The profits margins have improved compared to the prior year. Thus the inclusion of this product line enhance gross margin for the company. Long-Term Financial Planning The companys sales are projected to grow by 10% next year. Assuming that the increase in sales, will result in increases of all the income and expenses at the proportionate level. Thus the forecasted income statement will be Felicia Fred Income Statement For the Next Period Ended 000s next Revenue: 1,072,500 Less: Cost of Goods Sold (795,960) Less: Depreciation Expense (61,270) Gross Margin 215,270 Selling, General Administrative Expenses (64,020) Income Before Interest Taxes 151,250 Interest Expense (16,500) Income Before Taxes 167,750 Income Taxes (77,000) Net Income 90,750 Similarly, the balance sheet of the next year Felicia Fred Balance Sheet For the Next Period Ended 000s Assets next Cash 13,200 Accounts Receivable 5,200 Inventory 26,600 Total Current Assets 45,000 Land 55,000 Building Equipment 660,000 Less: Accumulated Depreciation - Building Equipment (413,200) Total Long Term Assets 301,800 Total Assets 346,800 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Accounts Payable 10,100 Salaries Payable 0 Interest Payable 1,550 Short Term Notes Payable 3,500 Taxes Payable 11,000 Total Current Liabilities 26,150 Bonds Payable 109,900 Total Long Term Liabilities 109,900 Common Stock 120,000 Retained Earnings 90,750 Total Stockholders' Equity 210,750 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity 346,800 Thus the net profit of the company will increase to 90.75 Million by the end of next year if the sales increase by 10 %. The external financing required by Felicia Fred next year will be the total liabilities of the company next year and investment from the shareholders. Total liabilities = Total current liabilities + total long term liabilities = 26.15 + 109.90 Million = 136.05 M. Additional investment from the shareholders = 210.75 169.1 M = 41.65 M The company already has an external financing of 146.1 M. Additional Total external financing required for next year = 31.6 M Qualitative and Ethical Considerations of Financial Analysis The qualitative factors that should be considered by a company seeking to raise capital are: Company Culture: The managers must consider the working culture of the company and the impact of the capital investment on the method the work is executed in the organization. With the investment in technology the flow of goods and information can be improved and changes the method of working the employees are used to. Due to Financial leverage the risk is higher and the business environment can be stressful than before. Thus it is an important factor and managers must take necessary steps to increase efficiency of the company with the capital investment. Quality of product and service: The capital investment can help company be able to have increase in capacity to produce deliver goods and services to larger target audience. The company should take proper care that with the capital investment, the quality of the goods and services should not be decreased with the additional pressure on employees to have a farther reach and increased risk in business can cause the quality to reduce. Working Environment Issues: The manager should consider the effect of capital investment on the environment which includes safety of the employees, effect on the working environment of the company and control the pollution which it causes taking it consideration all the stakeholders of the company. With the increase in debt, the financial leverage of the company will increase. If the financial leverage of the company is high the cost of capital will increase as the lenders will be concerned about the future growth of the company as investment of the equity of the company is low which increases the risk of the firm. Thus the company will be more careful in choosing projects and will avoid projects which are risker and can increase the risk of the business further. (The Agency Problem) If the cost of capital increases the shareholders are less likely to accept projects as the net profits are reduced whereas if the cost of capital decreases the shareholders are more likely to accept projects as the net profits are increased with reduced interest. The shareholders must be concerned about the ethics of managers selection processes because if the managers are ethical they will not choose projects for personal benefit and will take into consideration the benefits of all the shareholders. The qualitative considerations that are important for the mitigation of agency conflicts are Greater Compensation: If the managers are paid highly for their work they are less likely to work for personal benefits and will reduce agency problems. Intervention by shareholders: The shareholders should have a look at the projects and analysis the reports by managers before acceptance of capital projects. Threat of firing: The shareholders should have strict policies in place and should remove the managers if they find him working for personal benefits instead of benefits for the form. The different types of monitoring costs are: Cost of Board of directors, cost of issuing financial statements, and employee stock options. The monitoring activities should have meetings of the shareholders with the management and discussing the availability of funds for projects and various benefits of the projects to the shareholders. The firm should also publish financial statements so that shareholders can check the financial health of the company regularly. (The Agency Problem) The company must have transparent decision making process so that the managers cannot have projects for their personal benefits and the company should provide them better compensation, and regularly monitor the decisions to ensure ethical project investment decisions References Owang, J. (2013). Major Differences Between Tactical and Strategic Intelligence. Retrieved 30 July, 2016, from https://www.web-strategist.com/blog/2013/01/14/the-difference-between-strategy-and-tactics/ Leadcapitalng. (2012). The financial characteristics of a successful company. Retrieved 30 July, 2016, from https://leadcapitalng.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/the-financial-characteristics-of-a-successful-company/ Limbacher, M. (2015). Seven qualitative factors for evaluating investments. Retrieved 30 July, 2016, from https://www.fi360.com/blog/post/seven-factors-for-qualitative-due-diligence Investopedia. The Agency Problem. (n.d.). Retrieved 30 July, 2016, from https://www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/1/agency-problem.aspx Chand, S. (2015). Ratio Analysis: Meaning, Classification and Limitation of Ratio Analysis. Retrieved 30 July, 2016, from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/financial-management/ratio-analysis-meaning-classification-and-limitation-of-ratio-analysis/29418/

The Professional Life of Ingvar Kamprad

Father Arrupes Three Attitudes in the Workplace Essays

Father Arrupes Three Attitudes in the Workplace Essays Father Arrupes Three Attitudes in the Workplace Essay Father Arrupes Three Attitudes in the Workplace Essay Question: How can I put into practice Fr. Arrupe’s three attitudes in my workplace? Fr. Arrupe’s three attitudes are the following: 1)Live simply In a corporate world, it is natural for a person to tell his achievements to someone for him to be talked about and further impress his boss. In the case of my job, said scenario also applies since there is full of competition. We compete in terms of acquiring clients and passing several loan applications, which are considered factors to get high ratings. With this, I could put into practice this attitude by keeping my feet on the ground and not boasting my achievements to impress other people. With that, I could achieve more without offending other people. I should just work hard and let other people notice my achievements. Moreover, I could also put this attitude into practice by being contented with the position and the salary the Bank has given me since I still don’t have that much experience in the corporate world. I should do as best as I could the responsibilities I am tasked to do in order for me to advance in my career. And since I am already gaining income, I should live humbly/simply and not spend on acquiring things merely for status. I should keep in mind the value of money and that it should be spent wisely. : Lastly, I could also put this attitude into practice by saving energy through turning off unused lights/computer/printers and not wasting the Bank’ supplies. I should adopt recycling, which is a good way of turning waste into useful things. In this way, the Bank will not incur high expenses and it will be of good help to the environment. 2)Draw no profit from unjust sources Since I work in the Marketing Department, our source of profit is loans. Prospective clients come to us and apply for a loan. In turn, we evaluate them and make a credit/loan application for approval. With this, I could apply this attitude by evaluating a client properly without bias. By doing my job well, I would be able to evaluate/investigate a borrower’s capacity to pay back debt based on its financial condition and its project’s feasibility. Furthermore, I would get out of my way to go to the project site in order to prove and monitor that the project is ongoing. I would also meet with the company’s officials to get to know more about them. All these could help deter risks for the Bank and fictitious and bad projects from happening. Not only the Bank would benefit from this but also the whole society as well. )Change unjust structures In our workplace, palakasan system is rampant because everyone wanted to have high ratings to get high bonuses, etc. or wanted to be promoted. I think this system is unfair to all those who work hard to get promoted and achieve high ratings. In this case, I could apply this attitude by setting a good example to my co-employe es. I believe that by setting a good example in terms of performing well by not adopting the palakasan system would be a good start in making other people realize that the best way of achieving something is by way of working hard without stepping on other’s shoes.

IP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

IP2 - Essay Example Yet another criterion of good decision making is based on the need to define the decision making process. This involves clarifying the technique of solving the problem and analyzing the extent in which the problem has been abstracted (Hurwitz & Hurwitz, 2015). Yet another criterion is that the judgment needs to be analyzed based on its faithfulness especially in terms of problem analysis. The decisions made must express the leader as a good decision maker that uses an objective method of making decisions (Peniwati, 2007). On the other hand, the leader must express fairness in the selection of the most appropriate alternatives prior to making the final decisions. In the realm of decision making, various assumptions are made (Martin & Parmar, 2012). Among the assumptions include assuming that women are weaker gender and that they cannot work in the same roles as the men in the office. This assumption then leads to the women being given inferior roles such as making coffee, or not employing them at all. Secondly, the assumptions made regarding age may be made. The boss may assume that the older population cannot grasp concepts on technology; thus, assume their contribution on matters of technology. Assumptions may also be made on the education levels of the staff. Some leaders may assume that persons that are not well learned cannot learn quickly; thus, assume their contribution in the organization. To test or confirm the credibility of these assumptions, I would assess various factors. For the assumption of the automobile that the demand for SUVs would continue because gas prices would continue to rise, I would assess the scientific practicality of the assumption in an attempt to assess if the assumption analyzed the problem in question. On the airlines assumption that there was a need for an airline that provided no added amenities, I would assess the practicality of the decisions made since

Religion in ancient Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion in ancient Egypt - Essay Example One of the oldest strata of the complex Egyptian religion were farming folk beliefs and practices. The ancient Egyptians thought that the gods created the world for humans. In the literary heritage of Egypt is very little direct evidence of the creation of the human race, such instructions are an exception. Basically Egyptians limiting beliefs that a person owes his existence to the gods who look to him for that helpful. In ancient Egypt the gods, unlike the gods of the ancient world did not have well-defined functions, they were less interested in human activities and almost never interfered in human disputes. Also the Egyptian gods did not communicate with the people, but they had human feelings such as love, hatred, jealousy and vindictiveness. â€Å"To a great extent, gods were patterned after humans--they were born, some died (and were reborn), and they fought amongst themselves. Yet as much as the gods behavior resembled human behavior, they were immortal and always superior t o humans† (Teeter, Brewer 2002). Nevertheless Egyptians believed their gods essentially moral and sought to imitate them. In Egypt, there were no more or less significant settlements, which did not have their gods. Not only the big town or nome had their gods, but also small towns in polynomials had their gods. Furthermore these gods gave a great assistance to local patriotism. Science has rather limited, but indisputable information on local views and cults. Common, that was the local cults that were presented in the following: Egyptians imagined their gods in zoomorphic or anthropomorphic form, so gods regardless of their stay somewhere in the universe must have had their earthly homes. So "home" was an Egyptian temple. The temple kept the images of gods and objects of worship.

Solid Waste Management Problems In Cameroon

Solid Waste Management Problems In Cameroon Solid waste management which can be seen as the systematic control of generation, collection, storage, transport, source of separation processing, treatment ,recovery, and disposal of solid waste Globalization has raised some troubling concerns for the developing world, including Cameroon. One of such concern is its impact on urbanization and the ramification that goes with it. Cities are traditionally engines of social of social modernization and economic growth and at the same time the theatres in which globalization stage it actions. For Cameroon this has just help to increase the already unban problems and challenges that go with it. With municipal solid waste management is the main challenge. The constant increased in flows of goods and services, and change in life style and also ways of consumption had affected the waste sector directly or indirectly. Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental health problems facing the Limbe u rban city council. This is so because even though these city is using 30percent of their budget in solid waste management, only 20-50 percent of the waste is been collected. Illegal dumped still constitute 50 percent of health and environmental degradation. This paper will attempt s to examine increase in urbanization have impacted on the management of municipal solid waste sector in Cameroon using the case of Limbe. In conclusion, this paper will suggest some solutions to the current waste management problems in Cameroon cities. Location of Study Area Limbe is a town in Fako Division of the South West region of Cameroon is located in an active an active and dynamic coastal zone. Limbe is located along the rocky coast of Cameroon and covers a surface area of about 674 kmÂÂ ² (Limbe Town Planning Office, 2000). Source Limbe Urban Council (2005) Definition of Key Term Solid Waste By definition, solid waste includes but is not limited to trash, yard waste, used motor oil, household chemicals, building materials, and demolition materials. Solid waste does not include rock, dirt or brick. What are the Factors influencing municipal solid waste Generation in Cameroon? In order to prepare a good planned on municipal solid waste management system, it is important to know the quantity of waste generated by the community and also the different types of waste. Solid waste generation differs from place to place and country to country. Solid waste production and composition are influenced by the consumption pattern, climate, season, cultural practice, etc. Population size is an important course or influence of municipal solid waste generation, even though other factors also influence it. There is a positive reciprocal relationship between city population size and both the percentage of waste collection from households. The constant increase in population and the city size as a hole poses a hell of problems solid waste management in Cameroon. In Limbe, A current figure shows that the present population of Limbe is estimated at 84,223 according to the 2005 population census. Increase in solid waste from 100 to 150 tons per day. The city area has also increase to about 6000 hectares, with about 4000 hectares of residential and commercial areas. The collection rates have increase dramatically from like 10 percent in the early 1990s to the present 30-60 percent execution by Cameroon hygiene and Sanitation Company popularly known as (HYSACAM) which is a French acronym for Hygiene et slubritedu Cameroon, the municipal solid waste management c ompany in Limbe. The management of solid waste is in the hands of the Limbe city council and some private N.G.O.s operating in around the city. In Cameroon, the waste stream is mostly made up of garbage. Garbage which constitutes 60-70 percent of all the various types of waste includes, waste from sales of produce and meals, house hold preparation like cooking and serving of food; market refuse and handling. We also have what is known as non-biodegradable rubbish which constitutes paper, carton, plastics, rubber, glass, tin cans, etc. More so, other sources include: ashes, abandon vehicles, street sweeping, non-hazardous industrial waste, etc. Public and private sectors and sewage treatment centers also generate waste. Imported goods, like second hand vehicles, electronics and house hold equipments from Europe, Asia and America .This goods with little or no life span, will spend with their Cameroon owners before been consider as waste. All these is been influence due to changing in consumption habits by some Cameroonians. Solid waste Composition In terms of composition, solid waste differs from town to town depending on the economic level of the cities or towns. It also depends on other factors such as the geographical location of the cities, energy resources, climate, cultural habits and standard of living of the population. Most of the big cities in Cameroon have high percentage of organic matter in their waste stream with high moisture content making them unsuitable for incineration. Over the years, many plastics, glass, paper, metal, textile and leather had find their way into the municipal waste stream due to the rapid economic expansions taking place in the cities. Transportation and collection methods of solid waste management More than three quarter of the waste management budget of the Limbe city council is been spent on transportation of solid waste alone, due to lack of technological knowhow only a smaller percentage is been spent on waste treatment or recycling. In Limbe, three main collection systems could identify: the primary collection at the household level by individuals, secondly collection method by the urban council which is the official method and finally by private contractors. Since the early days, they had been different traditional methods of waste disposal and agents in Cameroon as a hole. For example the burning of trash and rubbish from homes and work places. All of these methods have been reduce, since the Limbe council re-contracted the management of solid waste in the hands of HYSACAM which is a private company so many things have change. This solid waste management company known as HYSACAM had been operating in Cameroon for a very long time in various urban cities. They position p ortable public skips of various sizes (1mÂÂ ³, 3mÂÂ ³, 6mÂÂ ³, 9mÂÂ ³and 16mÂÂ ³) on the strategic positions of the city and empty them on planned daily schedule.150 bins of 3mÂÂ ³to 16mÂÂ ³category exist today (Monkam et al.2000).These skips are of various seizes depending on the generation capacity and also the level of accessibility of the area. Dumper trucks of various classes had been imported by HYSACAM for the collection and removing of dumping waste of the city of Limbe. Sweeping of some of the main streets is done manually by some of their employers and also by one mechanical van present for this use. Many problems do exits, because these equipment do break down time and again due to poor management and inexperience drivers, they had record so many accidents .The equipment are also so expensive to maintain and run. All this had made the population to have mix feelings about their operation. However HYSACAM had succeeded in removing about 3 0-60 percent of the waste today, which is a great improvement. Some waste management equipments in Limbe Source:Photos by gefominyen.com Problems encounter by the municipal authorities Limbe is a growing third world city with the constant challenge by urbanization and industrilization trends,population increase and consequent rise of waste.The city of Limbe and its authorities face major problems relating to public health and enviromental pollution.Lack of political will,poor government policy,lack of approprate economic and human resources,and weak local institutions result in poor waste management.Although the Limbe municipality had increasingly involved in solid waste management,lack of institutional and infrastructure facilities,and alsolack of resources are hindering the efforts. In addition,one of the main problem is the use of traditional approach by the municipal authorities,they monopolise solid waste management projects,using command-and-rule startegies,ignoring other stakeholders and ill-adapted imported tecnology is common in Cameroon cities.This traditional or cultural approach does not really help much the situation of solid waste management in Limbe as a hol.The neglect of these other practitionals in this sector had worsen the scenario.This can be seen in most parts of the city,streets are almost blocked by solid waste and also market places are been littered around with solid waste from remains of some agricultural produce. More so,only some privilage people benefit from home collection of the solid waste ,this is due to the fact most of the streets are inassible.As in many other cities this people are been left with little or no chioce but to dump their solid waste in open spaces,water bodies,buried,drainage channels, burnt, deposite along roadsi des and streets.Deposition of this solid waste into drainage,will course the drainage to blocked and mit result to flooding in the city.Like the case of 2002 when flooding and lanslide occure in variouse slums and gettos in the city of Limbe.The is also the prevelence of some diseases and parasites like malaria,cholera,diarrheaand hookworm been coused by inproper waste disposal. Photos of enviromental problems of inproper waste deposition in limbe. a Source:fako news center.com(2005) Environmental and health of solid waste management Health provides an important tracer to indicate the quality of the population-environment relationship(Ness 2001). Enviromental effects:In the enviroment,chemicals and other containments found in solid waste can sleep into our ground water and can alsobe carried by rain water into our rivers and lakes that which provide essential wildlife habitat.these contaminates can also end up in our ground water,rivers and lakes that are sources for drinking water.The major enviromental effects include waste pollution from- pollution from disposal site.It also include air pollution, which includes smoke,odour,dust,noise,etc. Waste Disposal Final disposal in most economically cities in Cameroon is usually a matter of transporting the collected waste to the nearest open space and discharging them. Other forms of disposal like animal feeding, ploughing into soil, open burning and dumping in water bodies or wetlands contribute to environmental hazards ad human health problems.Institutional and financial constraints are one of the main reason for inadequate waste disposal. The lacking of good solid waste disposal system in some areas in Cameroon and Afica as a hole,had contributes to the spread of infectiouse diseases.The method of solid waste removal also varies,with the a high level of segregation .The poorest neighborhoods facing the bigest problems with inadequate solid waste removal system, due to lack of roads.Some of this poor housholds or nighborhood rely on the pivate sector,those who can not provide deposite their waste in pits outside their homes,in rivers,by the road side and by burning.All this will give rise to solid waste health problems and prevalance of diarhoea,because some of them do drink from the rivers that they emty their waste into. In proper waste disposal can also led to poor drainage and blocked gutters.This block gutters,streams and drainage channels contributes to flooding usaually during the rainy season. Air pollution A number of factors does account for air pollution in urban cities,usaually the traditional system of waste burning ,emissions from cars,trucks,busses and not living out industrial emissions present in these urban cities.Air pollution is responsible for so many health problems in Cameroon as a hole,like premature deaths ,food contamination in polluted regions.Air pollution also disttroy the hozone layer and affect forest growth. Health effects: This includes: mosquitoes breed in standing water in block drains, cans and standing pool of rain water;the presence of rats;rats spreads diseases like salmonella,typlius, leptospirosis and they also spiol millions of tons of foodand house hold materials; flies also carry germs on bodies and legs nad also excrete them. Population effect on solid waste Management Population growth has always affected waste generation in Cameroon,collection and invariable disposal due to population drowth and high standars of living amoung some of the inhabitants of Limbe. The is rapid population growth taking place in Limbe and this has a negative impact on both the environment and waste generation in the city. With many other urban cities in Africa, cities in Cameroon (like Limbe) are faced with the double problems of population increase and rapid expansion.These phenomena above have brouth increasing strain on urban infrastructural development.Waste management has been one of the areas this strian has occure,where the existing system can no longer cope with the mountain of waste generated and heaped on the surface and open fields.Finally population size and growth,goes along with increased pollution and environmental decay. Slums and ghettos Due to poorverty,many cities had given birth to slums and gettos in many third world countries . This had led to the rise in enviromental health nad social problems.Cameroonians due live in slum nieghborhoods in city,because they can not afford the high cost to rent a room or flat in this big ciities.Left will no alltanative but to turn to this slum and swampy areas to construt their little shanties houses,with no building permit from the city council or land tenure.With the government authorities allways coming around to distroy them,because they are some time located in hazardouse areas,like slopes,flood prone areas and industraial zones.Slum dwellers allways record high level of poor health problems due to poor infrastructure and dirthy enviroment.Poor solid waste management is also common iin slum areas,this led to the prevalence of diseases, malaria and infant mortality rates. Methods of Disposal Open Dumping Open dump as a solid waste disposal method, open dump is an uncontrolled sytem and has not been subject of engineering design.This type of solid waste disposal method had been adoubted in Limbe,commonly refers to as landfill. In most of the urban and rural areas of Cameroon,open domping is the most preffered way for final solid waste disposal.Although,the fovernment of Cameroon and municipalities had develop sanitory landfill sites in a few urban and rural areas,open dumping still remains the cheapest and most effective solution to get rid of solid waste .The distance of such sanitry landfill is often too distantly located for the population to used,as compare to the open dumlocation around the municipality. The sites are to far from the main source of waste generation,there by increases transfer costs and additional inverstments for the construction of roads and transportation.These open dumpsites in due time will become haven for flies, insects,animals and man alike. Composition and Recycling of solid waste Although composting is also a preferred method of solid waste disposal,due to the high level of organic material found in the waste composition.This method is not very popular in Cameroon,though there are some small-scale composting plants in the country,which has shown very limited success. Composting plants are not recording succes in Cameroon because of the high maintance and operating costs and lack of effective marketing. Many municipalities in Cameroon are using educational campaigns and highring workers to conduct door to door collection of recyclables waste materials.In city like Limbe,organic wastes are coposted at home backyards and waste such as plastics are doump near the beach or buried.Burning of combustible waste is also widely practise amoung the inhabitants of Limbe city. Recycling is widely practiced by the informal sector waste pickers or by the solid waste management staff themselves for extra income. Collection of recyclable waste is done in several steps such as households (door to door collection), transfer stations and even in the disposal sites. Such work is done in a very labor-intensive and unsafe way, and for very low incomes. Recovered and recyclable products then enter a chain of dealers, or processing before they are finally sold to manufacturing enterprises. The main items that are recycled include soft and hard plastics, glass, steel, paper, cardboard, aluminium and alloys etc.(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006). Legal,Social and Finacial Issues of Solid Waste Management in Cameroon Cameroon is facing legal,financial and social problems in terms of solid waste management. Considering the enviromental issues in the countrys development,municipalities and the government of Cameroon are hard to extend and formulate enviromental legislation. Public awareness and public participation is a major step in effective implementation of the solid waste management system. Therefore, co-operation from the citizens is a vital aspect in managing solid wastes of a city. Habits and attitudes of inhabitants of a city largely affect waste management system. Hence, social aspect can not be separated from the overall waste management system. Therefore, environmental education from schools to develop the awareness of the general public becomes important. Participatory urban enviromental planning and magagement approach Paticipatory approch will focuses on the activities in solving waste management issues in Limbe and Cameroon as a hole.The paticipatory programme will empahasises on the need for local enviromental methodologies and planning among all urban enviroment and development stakeholders.The aim of this programme is to attain urban environmental improvements through recyling and waste collection.The program will also seeks to some enviromental and health concern.The economically empower a group of youths and adults in Limbe to sustain their enviromental livelihoods through waste collection and recycling.The management of municipal solid waste continues to evolve from the traditional confines system of generation to disposal,through waste collection and transportation,to intergrated waste management system.The morden solid waste management system encompases source reduction,recovery, and recycling of waste materials.At the momment the management capabilities of the urban councils are weak,due to lack of natural and economic resources.Attempts to deal with this urban enviromental issues had been a major problem and making it difficult for them to succed. The management of solid waste management in Limbe city can be discribed as been inadequate and inefficent as evidenced can be seen by the indiscriminating dumping of waste on road sides,public places fileds and streams.This is evident in the slums and suburbs where heaps of rubbish can be seen almost everywere,coursing the place to be liteared with flies and the spread of so many diseases causing a lot of discomfort to the population.This problem will need both financial human resources put together with full plans to ensure the delivery of an effective solid waste management system.Workshops will be held with variouse stakeholders and participants from the city to identify pertinent enviromental solid waste management problem needing redress in the city.The objectives of these workshops will also include identification of mitigatory maesures to ameliorate the identified enviromental problems. Role of Stakeholders In other of the government of Cameroon to achieve sustainability in solid waste management,it is important to look at the roles of the variouse stake holders involve in power structures prevalent in solid waste management. Experience in several different African countries has shown that cooperation and coordination between the different stakeholder groups like city council, provincial government, service users, NGOS, CBOS,the private sector (formal and informal), and donor agencies, will ultimately lead to increase sustainability of the waste management system, such as changes in behavior and sharing of financial responsibilities. On the other hand, ignoring certain activities or groups will result in decreased sustainability of the system, for example in the form of negative public health effects or increased unemployment (Nyachhyon, 2004). Non-Governmental Organisatios(NGOs) Many NGOs in Cameroon operate between the private and government realms.These NGOs are strongly motivated by humanitarian and developmental concerns.These NGOs at times help to increase the capacity of paople and community groups to have an active role in local solid waste mangement.They help to create peoples awareness of solid waste management problems affecting their local community;they also act as the voice of the Community Based Organisations in municipal planning and implimentation processes;they also provide channels of communication between Community Based Oraganisation and the government authorities and finally the transfer of technical know-how of locally active Community Based Organisations. Whilst privatization basically involves the transfer of management responsibility and ownership from the public to the private sector and has proved to be a powerful means of improving the efficiency of some waste management services such as collection, haulage and disposal. Operating in various forms of partnership with the public sector, they may provide capital, management and organizational capacity, labor and technical skills (UN, 2000). Private Sector Paticipation Private sectors in Cameroon,just like the NGOs play very important role in municipal solid waste management of the country.Specially in the city of Limbe,were HYSACAM which is a private sector is participating more in street sweeping,door to door collection and waste transfer.The involvement of the private sector had help the collection of garbage to be more efficient and addition it has also help to reduce both the financial and human resources of the Limbe Municipal Council.Private sectors are more effective,than the government in all aspect of solid waste management in Cameroon. Community Based Organisations(CBOs) Finally community based organization is an essential element in ensuring the effectiveness of the solid waste management project in Cameroonand increasing the likelihood of its sustainability.In most African countries,like in Cameroon women do play important role in many community based organisations.They also have a common initiative group known as women empowerment .Women are mostly responsible for house-keeping and its enviroment clean.Women have shown active participation in various measurs of solid waste management. .(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006). Recommendations The government of Cameroon should support NGOs and private sector in required areas,most espacially in the area of organising maintenace workshops and enlightened programme,which should include grassroots participatory and input.The government of Cameroon and the Limbe urban council should fund the variouse agencies responsible for collection and disposal of all types of wastes effective. Expanding land fills managemnet and control;waste to energy programs can be generated through the land fills. In terms of population increase,there should also be a room for international co-operation towards achieving the action plans.There is also an urgetnt need for action plans and education in order to monitor and control waste expected in Limbe.There is also a need for purchase of recent equipments used for solid waste management;there is and urgent of new equipments like tipper,trucks,vehicles,pay loaders,road sweeper,bulldozer and well train staff.All these most be backed up with well trained stocked maintenance and spare parts for all the equipment. There should be separate solid waste management system for hospitals,health care establishments and industries to prevent the infectious and hazardous waste from entering the municipal waste stream. Limbe urban council shoul organise refuse collection both from residential and industrial estates.There should be a disposal site in each street of Limbe and also avenue nearest to the sources of waste,it should be accesible to every one and also the collection should be daily and regularly. There is a need for more efective and up to date domestic waste transfer station and also there should be at least one domestic waste incineration plants in Limbe constructed with a daily waste treatment capacity of at least 1000 tons,which can help to generate electricity through incineration so as to recover the energy out of wastes. Conclusion Most of the African countries do not have firm grip on any sustainable method of municipal solid waste management. Cameroon government and urban councils are copying ill-adapted global strategies and technologies not suitable to the local realities.The management of municipal solid waste in Cameroon urban cities still have many problems which needs to be address.The existing collection facilities and regulation systems of solid waste management do not fit the present requirements.Most of the municipal solid waste collected at the source are not been sperated, treatment and collection facilities are limited,collected waste are mostly doumped haphazardly on the streets and open areas in Limbe.The Government of Cameroon,Limbe urban council, NGOs and private sectors are working hard in this field,but more still has to be added to the existing efforts.The main solid waste management strategies needs to be remedy,this should include admendment of current laws and regulations,improve curren t solid waste management system and introduce calssified collections. The Limbe urbn council are not adequately exploring or using local intiatives and strategies, which could go a long way to improve on solid waste management within Limbe municipality.They should be locally adapted techniques,which involve collaboration with the stakeholders and coordination with the government will be very important.The iplimentation of all these above strategies will help to solve some of the solide waste management and enviroomental pollution problems to a large extent.